19 Apr 1975: Aryabhata becomes India’s first satellite. Aryabhata, designed and fabricated in India, launched on 19 April 1975 carrying experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomy and solar physics. It marked India’s first satellite mission. Source: ISRO: Aryabhata
Night of 2–3 Dec 1984: Toxic gas escapes from the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal. Methyl isocyanate and reaction products leaked from the Union Carbide factory on the night of 2–3 December 1984, killing thousands in the immediate aftermath and exposing hundreds of thousands. ICMR documented persistent health effects among exposed communities. Source: Indian Council of Medical Research: Long-term Bhopal studies
28 Mar 1989: The voting age is lowered to eighteen. The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act replaced twenty-one with eighteen in Article 326, expanding eligibility for Lok Sabha and state-assembly elections. Although styled the 1988 Amendment, it records presidential assent on 28 March 1989. Source: Legislative Department: Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act
1 and 3 Jul 1991: A balance-of-payments crisis accelerates economic reform. During a severe balance-of-payments crisis, the rupee was adjusted downward in two steps on 1 and 3 July 1991 by a combined 18–19 per cent. RBI’s history places these measures within a wider transition toward external-sector liberalisation and a progressively market-determined exchange rate. Source: Reserve Bank of India: Opening up of India’s External Sector
1992–93: Constitutional amendments strengthen elected local government. The Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth Amendments added constitutional frameworks for panchayats and municipalities, including regular elections and reserved representation. They came into force in 1993 and left substantial implementation authority with state legislatures. Source: Legislative Department: Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act
1988 ईस्वी में भारत का नक्शा: स्वतंत्र भारत (भारत गणराज्य)
1988 ईस्वी का यह इंटरैक्टिव नक्शा स्वतंत्र भारत (भारत गणराज्य) के समय का भारत दिखाता है। एक संवैधानिक गणराज्य जो लोकतंत्र, विकास और अद्भुत विविधता के साथ आगे बढ़ता है।
1988 mein Bharat ke pramukh rajya: Republic of India. Ye Azad Bharat ka daur tha.