28 Mar 1989: The voting age is lowered to eighteen. The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act replaced twenty-one with eighteen in Article 326, expanding eligibility for Lok Sabha and state-assembly elections. Although styled the 1988 Amendment, it records presidential assent on 28 March 1989. Source: Legislative Department: Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act
1 and 3 Jul 1991: A balance-of-payments crisis accelerates economic reform. During a severe balance-of-payments crisis, the rupee was adjusted downward in two steps on 1 and 3 July 1991 by a combined 18–19 per cent. RBI’s history places these measures within a wider transition toward external-sector liberalisation and a progressively market-determined exchange rate. Source: Reserve Bank of India: Opening up of India’s External Sector
1992–93: Constitutional amendments strengthen elected local government. The Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth Amendments added constitutional frameworks for panchayats and municipalities, including regular elections and reserved representation. They came into force in 1993 and left substantial implementation authority with state legislatures. Source: Legislative Department: Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act
May–26 Jul 1999: Fighting in Kargil tests the Line of Control. After intrusions across the Line of Control were detected in the Kargil–Drass sector in May 1999, Indian forces launched Operation Vijay and fought in high-altitude terrain to retake occupied positions. India commemorates 26 July as Kargil Vijay Diwas. Source: Ministry of Defence: Kargil Vijay Diwas
1 Nov 2000: Chhattisgarh becomes a state. The Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act created Chhattisgarh on 1 November 2000 and divided legislative representation, institutions, assets and liabilities between the two states. It was the first of three state formations that month. Source: India Code: Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
26 Jan 2001: A major earthquake devastates Kutch and cities across Gujarat. A magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck Kutch at 8:46 a.m. on 26 January 2001, causing extensive loss of life, housing and infrastructure. The disaster became a major reference point for reconstruction and disaster-risk policy in India. Source: National Institute of Disaster Management: Kutch 2001
1997 ईस्वी में भारत का नक्शा: स्वतंत्र भारत (भारत गणराज्य)
1997 ईस्वी का यह इंटरैक्टिव नक्शा स्वतंत्र भारत (भारत गणराज्य) के समय का भारत दिखाता है। एक संवैधानिक गणराज्य जो लोकतंत्र, विकास और अद्भुत विविधता के साथ आगे बढ़ता है।
1997 mein Bharat ke pramukh rajya: Republic of India. Ye Azad Bharat ka daur tha.