India Map 1923 CE — Historical Map & Timeline

Who ruled India in 1923 CE?

In 1923 CE, power in the subcontinent was shared among 6 major states and dynasties. Dates are conventional estimates.

• British Raj
  British India and hundreds of princely states. Direct Crown rule after the Revolt of 1857, until independence and Partition. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — British raj · Read: The Revolt of 1857
• Hyderabad State (Nizams)
  Deccan; capital Hyderabad. Asaf Jahi Nizams, the most populous princely state, integrated into India in 1948. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Hyderabad historical state India
• Kingdom of Mysore
  Southern Karnataka. Wodeyar kingdom, independent of Vijayanagara from about 1610; under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan from 1761 to 1799. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Wadiyars
• Mewar (Sisodia Rajputs)
  Southern Rajasthan; capitals Chittor, later Udaipur. Rajput kingdom of Rana Kumbha, Rana Sanga and Maharana Pratap; a princely state under British paramountcy from 1818, merged into Rajasthan in 1949. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Udaipur (historical state)
• Portuguese India (Goa, Daman and Diu)
  Goa and coastal enclaves. Goa was taken in 1510 and remained Portuguese until 1961. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Goa
• Travancore
  Southern Kerala. Kingdom of Marthanda Varma; merged into Travancore-Cochin in 1949. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Travancore

What happened in India around 1923 CE?

• 1919: Jallianwala Bagh exposes colonial violence. Troops under Reginald Dyer fired without warning on a trapped gathering at Amritsar, killing hundreds. The massacre and the official response destroyed faith in gradual imperial reform for many Indians. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• 1920–1922: Non-Cooperation makes refusal a national method. Congress, Khilafat leaders, students, lawyers, workers and local organisers turned boycotts into a wide challenge to colonial legitimacy. Gandhi suspended the campaign after protesters killed police officers at Chauri Chaura. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Noncooperation movement
• 1922 CE: Chauri Chaura changes the movement’s course
• 1928–1931: Simon protests, Purna Swaraj and revolutionary action accelerate the crisis. Opposition greeted the all-British Simon Commission, while Congress declared complete independence at Lahore in 1929. Bhagat Singh and his comrades used dramatic action and courtroom politics to argue for a revolutionary republic. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Bhagat Singh
• 1929 CE: Congress declares Purna Swaraj
• 1930: The Salt March makes an everyday commodity political. Gandhi and 78 companions walked from Sabarmati to Dandi to challenge the colonial salt monopoly. The action sparked civil disobedience across India, with women and local organisers expanding the movement far beyond the original march. Source: Gandhi Heritage Portal — Dandi March chronology