India Map 1291 CE — Historical Map & Timeline

Who ruled India in 1291 CE?

In 1291 CE, power in the subcontinent was shared among 8 major states and dynasties. Dates are conventional estimates.

• Delhi Sultanate — Khalji dynasty (1290 CE–1320 CE)
  Northern India from Delhi; at times much of the subcontinent. Five successive houses ruled from Delhi until Babur's victory at Panipat. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Delhi sultanate · Read: The Delhi Sultanate
• Ahom kingdom
  Brahmaputra valley, Assam. Ruled the Brahmaputra valley for six centuries until the Treaty of Yandabo. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Ahom
• Chandela dynasty
  Bundelkhand, central India. Builders of the Khajuraho temples. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Chandela
• Eastern Ganga dynasty
  Odisha. Builders of the Jagannath temple at Puri and the Sun Temple at Konark. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Ganga dynasty
• Paramara dynasty
  Malwa; capital Dhara. Rajput dynasty of Malwa, best known for King Bhoja. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Paramara
• Hoysala dynasty
  Karnataka. Builders of the temples of Belur and Halebidu. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Hoysala dynasty
• Kakatiya dynasty
  Telangana and Andhra; capital Warangal. Telugu dynasty of Warangal, ended by Delhi Sultanate campaigns. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Kakatiya
• Yadava (Seuna) dynasty
  Maharashtra; capital Devagiri. Rulers of Devagiri, later renamed Daulatabad. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica — Yadava dynasty

What happened in India around 1291 CE?

• 1221 CE: Mongol pressure reaches the northwest
• 1236: Razia takes the throne. Razia’s accession and the opposition she encountered illuminate the gendered assumptions of court politics and its chroniclers. Source: NCERT — The Delhi Sultans
• 1266 CE: Balban begins his reign
• 1296–1316: Alauddin Khalji pushes Delhi’s power into the Deccan. Alauddin’s armies attacked Devagiri, and Malik Kafur later campaigned deep into the peninsula. Tribute and strategic submission mattered more than immediate, uniform annexation of every conquered court. Source: Britannica: Khalji dynasty
• 1325–1351: Muhammad bin Tughluq experiments at imperial scale. The sultan moved courtly populations toward Daulatabad, issued token currency and pursued ambitious taxation and campaigns. These measures show a ruler seeking tighter control, even as implementation produced hardship and rebellion. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: Muhammad ibn Tughluq
• 1327 CE: Court moves toward Daulatabad